The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". Mark Twain described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 34. Take notes, add highlights, and download our mobile-friendly e-books. 8283, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361, Knecht (2001), p. 364. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. [7], Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. 1. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. Please check back later for updated availability. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. 34. Three of her sons were kings of France . An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. 1 Two . Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds, Holt (2005 ed. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. 33. The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. [82][pageneeded]. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful French film in 1954, La reine Margot (US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring Jeanne Moreau. [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. Venetian ambassadors to England in the 15th Century were "perplexed by the English - especially by their extreme hostility to foreigners". The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 32. Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises [citation needed] [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. Garrison, pp. WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. Estimates of the number that perished in the disturbances, which lasted to the beginning of October, have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully, who himself barely escaped death. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics 31. [58] Even Tsar Ivan the Terrible expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. ), p. 91. For work more useful in explaining the nature and causes of popular . Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. 34. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. Term Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. This traditional interpretation has been largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) View western civ 14&15.docx from SOC MISC at North Carolina Wesleyan College. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people. Glencoe World History ISBN: 9780133307023 Savvas Learning Co. 971 solutions. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. The Catholic Reformation "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. The bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the Seine. Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) Shortly before dawn on August 24 the bell of Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois began to toll and the massacre began. Henry IV (king of France, 1589-1610) She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. [6] The Parlement's opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension. 31. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. The story was also taken up in 1772 by Louis-Sbastien Mercier in his play Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux, unperformed until the French Revolution. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. Kill them! Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World 72- . Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day, Christianity Today - The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, World History Encyclopedia - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Institute for Advanced Study - The massacre of St. Bartholomews Day was an affair between neighbors. In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. Drypoint Screenprinting Intaglio Lithography Question 2 Which of the following fabrics is NOT a good option, Which three of the following statements about convenience checks are true? God grant that he may not, be caught up in another which he cannot avoid, this controversial saying by Admiral. 3. This article is about the historical event. [54] In Paris, the poet Jean-Antoine de Baf, founder of the Academie de Musique et de Posie, wrote a sonnet extravagantly praising the killings. [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Related Documents (Brophy reader) II. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. AUGUST 24, 1572-ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY by the Catholic calendar-is an . He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe.

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