E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). 1973) might belong to haplogroup E-V13. In this study, haplogroup E1b1a8a1a, the haplogroup with the shortest TMRCA, was observed in all eastern data sets (three from Malawi, one from Mozambique (in both cases, all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages N and P spoken on the eastern side of Africa) and one from Pretoria, n (samples)=18) but in none of the eight western groups (all speakers of Guthrie classification Bantu languages H, B and C spoken on the western side of Africa) (Fishers exact test: haplogroup present/absent in data set P=0.0008; haplogroup frequency P<0.0001). The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13: 867876. Klopfstein S, Currat M, Excoffier L : The fate of mutations surfing on the wave of a range expansion. The EBSP six-STR haplotype was modal in 36 out of the 43 groups (see Supplementary Table S3) and was almost always a member of E1b1a8 (frequency of 96.4%, P<0.0001). Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. These lineages continued to expand around the Middle East, Greece and Italy during the Bronze Age. The EBSP impact on African demography has, over the past decade, also been studied by analysing paternal and maternal sex-specific genetic systems (non-recombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)). The haplogroup E1b1a-M2 (and its sub-lineages) is widely spread in Africa and highly prevalent in all Bantu sub-Saharan populations, with frequencies above 80% in most populations 39, 40,46,47 .. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. He is the nephew of screenwriter, film director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, who shares the same haplogroup. around the Czech Republic). The study revealed that he belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. The TMRCA at 47005300 YBP is entirely consistent with the haplogroup being present in West Africa at the dawn of the EBSP. wiki: E-V22 Concentrated in Northeast Africa and the Near East. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. This is a remarkably fast expansion that would have required a male line of considerable wealth and influence within the Roman Republic/Empire, and therefore probably a family of rich patricians or even a Roman emperor, not necessarily of Roman descent himself. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. Montano et al. Also in favor of E1b1b-V22 is the fact that E1b1a occurs in 2% of Egyptians, while E1b1b-V22 occurs in 15% of north Egyptians, 5% in Egyptians from several oasis to the west of the Nile, and 4% in south Egyptians. [25] Lisa was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-Z6020 and H100. J Afr Hist 1995; 36: 173195. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. Each of these two lineages has a peculiar geographic distribution. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. (=> see also the discussions Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? More research is needed. Lewis MP : Ethnologue: Languages of the World. All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. Because the Bantu languages on the eastern route are more homogeneous than those on the western route,11 it is reasonable to speculate that later expansions occurred mainly on the eastern route. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. Article The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. Pakendorf et al7 identify and provide evidence of greater complexity in the process of the EBSP as suggested by Alves et al33 and Montano et al.34. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. (Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2012) There is no backflow of E1b1a into North Africa until Trans Saharan slavery and that's in its mutated form of E1b1a7. [5] The downstream SNP E-M180 may have originated in the humid south-central Saharan savanna/grassland of North Africa between 14,000 BP and 10,000 BP. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. E1b1a (M58) Expansion between the Great Lakes & Midwest Africa Slider with three articles shown per slide. What is even more surprising is that these subclades do not show any consistent geographic pattern. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. E1b1a (L576) This population represents an East to West thrust in Africa, only E1b1a lineage able to survive crossing the A1b1 territories. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Of course, the TMRCA is only an estimate and could vary by a few centuries. Diamond J, Bellwood P : Farmers and their languages: the first expansions. In this study, we analysed unique event polymorphism and short tandem repeat variation in non-recombining Y-chromosome haplogroups contained within the E1b1a haplogroup, which is exclusive to individuals of recent African ancestry, in a large, geographically widely distributed, set of sub-Saharan Africans (groups=43, n=2757), all of whom, except one Nilo-Saharan-speaking group, spoke a Niger-Congo language and most a Bantu tongue. A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. The advantage of this hypothesis is that M81 is indeed found exclusively within the borders of the Roman Empire, and in a big part of the empire. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e16073. [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. If E-V13 was found among both groups, it would have needed to be either assimilated in the Pontic Steppe or very near from it (say, in the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, around western Ukraine, Moldova and Romania), or at the junction between the two groups in central Europe (e.g. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". [67] The place of origin and age is unreported. Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). ISSN 1476-5438 (online) [22], At an Anson Street burial site, in Charleston, South Carolina, there were 18 African Americans found who were dated to the 18th century CE. E1b1b's gradient in the maps shows in Levant its 24% in Palestine, 17% Lebanon, 14% Syria, 10% Turkey so it should have been say 4% in extreme southern . Nurse D : Bantu languages; in Brown K, (ed): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Y6923 also emerged around 3500 BCE, but became almost extinct. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. Was E-V13 a major lineage of Hallstatt Celts and Italics? [39][40][41], Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). [29], E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. [13][14], Hawass et al. The absence of E-V13 from Central Anatolia does not concord with a diffusion linked to Neolithic agriculture. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Despite this level of diversity, however, there is a high level of similarity between groups.20. Group-based pharmacogenetic prediction: is it feasible and do current NHS England ethnic classifications provide appropriate data? A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. The control region of the mtDNA sequence, due to its high mutation rate, has been extensively used in examining the impact of EBSP on the genetic landscape of sub-Saharan Africa.5, 17, 18, 19 It has been postulated that some mtDNA haplogroups (eg, L3b, L3e and L2a), based on their distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with the EBSP, whereas the presence of haplogroup L1c at high frequency in some populations on the western route is thought to be the result of assimilation of local female hunter gatherers.17 It has been suggested that because agriculturist men are more likely to marry local women rather than vice versa,15, 16 the maternal genetic profile of Bantu-speaking groups is marked by considerable diversity. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. Google Scholar. After that the expansion is thought to have taken two directions with one wave moving along the south-western coast (West-Bantu route) and the other moving further east, forming the eastern Bantu core by 3000 years before present (YBP). Proc R Soc Lond B 2002; 793799. The E1b1b1a lineage is identified by the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation on the Y chromosome, which . So what exactly is the definition of a hamite? [12], E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. This led to considerable confusion. Correspondence to [30][38] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA et al. The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. (2012) recovered the DNA of Napoleon Bonaparte from beard hair follicules and compared his Y-DNA to that of one of his present-day descendants, Charles Napolon. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. Cruciani et al. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). [26] West Africans (e.g., Mende of Sierra Leone), bearing the Senegal sickle cell haplotype,[29][26] may have migrated into Mauritania (77% modern rate of occurrence) and Senegal (100%); they may also have migrated across the Sahara, into North Africa, and from North Africa, into Southern Europe, Turkey, and a region near northern Iraq and southern Turkey. In fact, it has been calculated that E-V13 emerged from E-M78 some 7,800 years ago, when Neolithic farmers were advancing into the Balkans and the Danubian basin. Decker et al (2013) reported that Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine, which could imply that cattle were not just domesticated in West Asia, but also independently in North Africa. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. Annu Rev Anthropol 2001; 30: 181207. Grard Lucotte et al. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. A combination of the two scenarios could provide an even better explanation. He is best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery. Comparisons made without including data sets from South Africa and Mozambique, so as to exclude the possibility of admixture between western and eastern Bantu-speaking expansions in the southern extremity of the continent, remain significant for both presence/absence of E1b1a8a1a in data sets and for frequency of the haplogroup (P<0.01). The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. These branches split from one another around 47,500 years ago in the horn of Africa, followed by the emergence of prominent SNP mutation E-M2 which gained footing there. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC. It is likely to have expanded south as the demographic events comprising the EBSP took place. The genetic data are thus in broad agreement with analysis based on linguistic studies, which suggests that the spread of Bantu languages is the consequence of successive dispersals and that a single large-scale migration by Bantu speakers is unlikely.3 It is also consistent with suggestions that differences between eastern and western Bantu languages are a consequence of expansion patterns.3 This interpretation suggests the absence of substantial male-mediated gene flow from East-Central Africa to West-Central Africa during the past millennium, because had it occurred, it would be expected that examples of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a would have been observed in the Congolese groups included in this study. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. remains uncertain. These are the mutations, "M", or mutation 2 = M2. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. Therefore this lineage could actually have emerged a few centuries earlier, during the Phoenician/Carthaginian period. This page is not available in other languages. The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. Alves I, Coelho M, Gignoux C, Damasceno A, Prista A, Rocha J : Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. A good example is represented by some lineages internal to the E1b1a-M2 haplogroup, such as E1b1a-M10 and E1b1a-V5280, which are observed mainly in the Sahelian groups (D'Atanasio et al. peoples). Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. CAS These 2 haplogroups cover ancient Israelites 31-07-17, 19:20 #11. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 4362. [15] It was impossible to determine his cause of death. View Profile View Forum Posts . Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. To make things clearer; We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176. Genealogical relationships of UEP markers used to define NRY haplogroups. Because the West-Central African E1b1a data set is sufficiently large (n=516; eight groups), we would have expected to observe the E1b1a8a1a haplotype, if present at a frequency as low as 0.0058. [15] Gad et al. Naser Ansari Pour. Interestingly, de Filippo et al31 recently reported differences in the frequencies of haplogroups E1b1a and E1b1a7 between Bantu and Non-Bantu Niger-Congo speakers. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. It's typical of all E1b1b haplogroups, but E1b1a has instead 438=11 and only 2% of E1b1a samples have 438=10. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Neparczki et al. The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. The J haplogroup is of Semitic origin and is overwhelmingly present in The Middle East. even though his parent clade is not and brother E-M215 is not. For comparison, the NRY haplotype diversity treating E1b1a as a single haplogroup ranged from 0.821 to 0.945, with the exception of Anuak who displayed a much lower diversity (h=0.516). Here, to test the hypothesis that . L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Under the latter no less than eight subclades have been identified at present: A930, A2227, CTS12227, FGC22844, PF2578, PF6794, MZ99 and Z5009. Farming, languages, and genes. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26: 15811589. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. Holden CJ : Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. We conclude that analysis of NRY in 43 widely distributed population groups from across sub-Saharan Africa provides evidence of multiple expansions from West Africa along the western and eastern routes and a late specifically eastern expansion at some time during the past two millennia during a period in which male-mediated gene flow from East-Central to West-Central Africa does not appear to have taken place, at least to any significant extent. Nowadays E-M81 is the dominant paternal lineage among Northwest Africans, and particularly Tuaregs, Mountain Moroccans, Tunisians and Libyans. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129.
