83 0 R 11 0 R 38 0 R Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War? 53 0 R 0 ] 73 0 obj endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq) >> /Rect [ 74.69291 /Rotate 0 endobj 460.9469 266.7969 ] 334.0469 ] 0 526.9134 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration%2C_1917) >> As Iraq lurches deeper into turmoil and disintegration, Kurdish leaders in the already autonomous north are threatening to break away and declare outright independence. On May 19, 1916, representatives of Great Britain and France secretly reach an accord, known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, by which most of the Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are to be divided into British and French spheres of influence with the conclusion of World War I. /Subtype /Link 105 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER9': class PDFDictionary 595.2756 /Border [ 0 0 /URI (http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1916/sykespicot.html) >> 17 0 R /Type /Action endobj 4 0 R /Border [ 0 233.4219 ] % Page dictionary 50 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER40': class PDFDictionary 637.9469 0 182.7969 ] /Type /Annot >> 0 ] 176.2884 /Type /Annot >> 731.5276 ] 45 0 obj /Rect [ 437.1387 0 ] 8 0 obj /Type /Action /ImageC /Type /Annot >> The British faced many difficulties during the war as they tried to occupy Iraq. << /A << /S /URI Why did Winston Churchill oppose the Munich Pact? 553.9469 96 0 obj /Subtype /Link endobj % Page dictionary /Rect [ 76.82091 endobj In 1915, upon Sykes recommendation, the Arab Bureau was established. 711.7969 /ImageI ] >> He had expounded on his hopes for Arab sovereignty before a committee of the War Cabinet and in a memorandum for the War Cabinet. /Border [ 0 /ProcSet [ /PDF In general terms, the correspondence effectively traded British support of an independent Arab state for Arab assistance in opposing the Ottoman Empire. endobj Why were Arab leaders upset by the Skyes-Picot agreement? 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Fromkin) >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon) >> 747.7969 ] endobj /Type /Annot >> 0 << /A << /S /URI endobj /Text 78 0 R 0 /FlateDecode ] 0 ] 475.9469 ] 0 endobj 334.0469 ] endobj Why did Israel get involved in the Suez Crisis? They are making it a breeding place for future war.". /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._E._Lawrence) >> 6 0 obj /Type /Annot >> /ImageI ] >> Why was the Entente Cordiale upsetting to the Germans? 70 0 obj endobj /Subtype /Link 652.9469 % 'Annot.NUMBER60': class PDFDictionary /URI (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sykes-Picot_Agreement) >> 374.7643 They later annexed to it the states of Jabal al-Druz and the Alawite. /Rect [ 84.69291 /Subtype /Link 0 ] /Rect [ 505.9127 % 'Annot.NUMBER15': class PDFDictionary Now a semi-independent Kurdistan in Iraq has become an anchor of stability in an increasingly violent region. /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> 661.9469 endobj << /Annots [ 65 0 R /Resources << /Font 1 0 R << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 62.69291 It hedged it by indicating that this Jewish home was not to take up all of Palestine and that within it Palestinian Arabs needed to have all civil rights and without it Jewish communities that. /Type /Action 0 ] endobj /Rect [ 74.69291 Sergey Dimitriyevich Sazonov was also present to represent Russia, the third member of the Triple Entente. /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> 25 0 R 0 ] 0 0 /Border [ 0 Its terms were set out in a letter from British foreign secretarySir Edward Greyto Paul Cambon,France's ambassador to Great Britain,on May 16, 1916. 631.9469 0 The expos embarrassed the British, since it contradicted their existing claims throughT. E. Lawrence that Arabs would receive sovereignty over Arab lands in exchange for supporting the Allies in the war. 209.9469 /Subtype /Link 494.7969 ] << /A << /S /URI 0 /Border [ 0 257.9469 287.9469 ] % 'toUnicodeCMap:AAAAAA+FreeSerif': class PDFStream % 'Annot.NUMBER28': class PDFDictionary 19 0 obj /Type /Action /Rect [ 466.7974 556.9469 ] endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER30': class PDFDictionary 0 ] /Subtype /Link 68 0 R 0 ] endobj /MediaBox [ 0 227.9469 /Border [ 0 29 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Abu_Jaber) >> /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI 709.9469 ] endobj /Text /Subtype /Link Also, Britain and France would retain free passage and trade in the others zone of influence. 278.7969 ] /Rotate 0 0 132.8949 272.9469 ] /Subtype /Link 86 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER24': class PDFDictionary HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. 0 /Type /Action /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 79 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 26 0 R /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link 0 3. 76 0 R 254.7969 66 0 R /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 294.1089 % 'Annot.NUMBER21': class PDFDictionary 81 0 R 158.7969 endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravda) >> For al-Qaeda, this conspiracy justifies its defensive jihad. 0 ] 445.9469 ] /Rect [ 76.82091 /Border [ 0 << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Link 93 0 obj /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 466.7974 28 0 R 0 ] In the 1960s and 1970s, Britain began to pull out of the Arabian Peninsula. << /Annots [ 103 0 R ] 659.9469 504.468 /Subtype /Link 637.9469 << /A << /S /URI 769.9469 /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI 242.9469 << /A << /S /URI 0 319.0469 It extended anteriorly to the inside of Anatolia. 34 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER1': class PDFDictionary 0 ] 0 81 0 R 122.7969 In compensation, the British founded a new Arab kingdom for Sharif Faisal in the old Ottoman provinces in Iraq, which the British army had marched towards in 1915 and fully occupied in 1917. % 'Page1': class PDFPage /Type /Action 77 0 R 0 ] 7 0 R 349.0469 595.2756 0 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Annot >> << /Annots [ 50 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire) >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinople) >> /Border [ 0 Why was the Gulf of Aqaba important to Israel? << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> 723.7969 ] /Type /Annot >> 0 ] 253.3078 % 'Annot.NUMBER52': class PDFDictionary endobj /Type /Annot >> %PDF-1.4 /Subtype /Link 326.7969 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER81': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 374.3489 81 0 obj /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=vbJWx89nJSIC&pg=PA123&dq=&client=#PPA122,M1) >> 532.9469 6 0 R /Type /Action 26 0 R /ProcSet [ /PDF Although Sykes-Picot was intended to draw new borders according to sectarian lines, its simple straight lines also failed to take into account the actual tribal and ethnic configurations in a deeply divided region. 44 0 R 41 0 R /Rect [ 246.534 482.7969 The Arabs trusted the word of British officials that they would get their own unified, independent state. 0 ] 98.79685 ] << /A << /S /URI 24 0 obj In March 1915, Britain signed a secret agreement with Russia, whose designs on the empires territory had led the Turks to join forces with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914. In the Sykes-Picot agreement, concluded on May 19, 1916, France and Britain divided up the Arab territories of the former Ottoman Empire into spheres of influence. /Border [ 0 445.9469 /Rect [ 365.0522 530.7729 @/#geas(b$%`*p)PRBTTH4HtHxd@FdBfdAVdCv@N$ y *EeQQd /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 74.69291 218.7969 0 /ImageC 0 2 0 obj endobj 191.5648 93 0 R The. 334.0469 43 0 R 35 0 R "We have passed through bitter experiences since the formation of the Iraqi state after World War One. /Type /Page >> /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER16': class PDFDictionary 82 0 R /Border [ 0 /Type /Action 86.79685 << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> The borders of these mandates split up Arab lands and ultimately led to the modern borders of Iraq, Israel and the Palestinian territories, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. /Rect [ 76.82091 Why did Richard the Lionheart agree to a truce? /Rect [ 246.8929 446.7969 ] 187.6762 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05.p0011&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M) >> 386.0429 0 /Type /Action 0 ] endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Abu_Jaber) >> 0 ] /Type /Action % 'Annot.NUMBER27': class PDFDictionary Why did the creation of Israel cause conflict? endobj /Border [ 0 552.5719 ] /Rect [ 131.8589 Examine the results of the summit and explore recent developments and ongoing conflicts between Israel and Palestinians in Lebanon in the years since. /Type /Annot >> 54 0 obj /ImageC Its provisions were as follows: (1) Russia should acquire the Armenian provinces of Erzurum, Trebizond (Trabzon), Van, and Bitlis, with some Kurdish territory to the southeast; (2) France should acquire Lebanon and the Syrian littoral, Adana, Cilicia, and the hinterland adjacent to Russias share, that hinterland including Aintab, Urfa, Mardin, Diyarbakr, and Mosul; (3) Great Britain should acquire southern Mesopotamia, including Baghdad, and also the Mediterranean ports of Haifa and Akko (Acre); (4) between the French and the British acquisitions there should be a confederation of Arab states or a single independent Arab state, divided into French and British spheres of influence; (5) Alexandretta (skenderun) should be a free port; and (6) Palestine, because of the holy places, should be under an international regime. /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_%281917%29) >> 73 0 obj 349.0469 ] The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. 542.7969 /Type /Annot >> 0 69 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 518.7969 ] 652.9469 ] /Type /Action /Border [ 0 Hussein bin Ali announced that he intended to establish an Arab state that would extend from Aleppo, in Syria, to Aden in the south, as mentioned in his correspondences with the British Commissioner in Egypt Sir Henry McMahon. /Contents 148 0 R 0 endobj % 'fontFile:/home/pp/local/lib/python2.6/site-packages/mwlib.rl-0.12.8-py2.6.egg/mwlib/fonts/freefont/FreeSerif.ttf(AAAAAA+FreeSerif)': class PDFStream /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 But the two men live on in the secret agreement they were assigned. /Type /Action /Type /Action 5. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraq) >> The battles ended when al-Saud seized control of the regions that fell under the influence of Emir Ali, Sharif Husseins eldest son and heir in Hejaz, in Medina, Yanbu and Jeddah. << /A << /S /URI 27 0 obj Meanwhile, the Sykes-Picot Agreement is often criticized together with the usayn-McMahon Correspondence and the Balfour Declaration as contradictory promises made by Britain to France, the Arabs, and the Zionist movement. 0 ] 420.3947 841.8898 ] 4 0 obj 0 /Rect [ 62.69291 endobj 362.9189 227.9469 ] 127.4769 /Rect [ 137.1511 endobj It also collided with the vision of the US President Woodrow Wilson, who preached self-determination for the peoples subjugated by the Ottoman Empire. /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER65': class PDFDictionary % 'Annot.NUMBER48': class PDFDictionary endobj 56 0 R Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. 74 0 obj 39 0 R << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionist) >> /Rect [ 287.1565 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acre%2C_Israel) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER51': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 The pact excited the ambitions of Italy, to whom it was communicated in August 1916, after the Italian declaration of war against Germany, with the result that it had to be supplemented, in April 1917, by the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, whereby Great Britain and France promised southern and southwestern Anatolia to Italy. 465.6809 All Rights Reserved. 349.0469 ] /Type /Annot >> 676.9469 ] 0 ] /Type /Annot >> endobj /Rect [ 74.69291 170.7969 541.9469 /Type /Action 0 ] /Text /Type /Annot >> /Subtype /Link 23 0 R Palestine, meanwhile, had been under the rule of British General Edmund Allenby since he entered Jerusalem in 1917. 96 0 R /Parent 142 0 R 0 29 0 obj << /A << /S /URI Reaching its centenary amidst a general chorus of vilification around the region, the legacy of the secret Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916 has never looked more under assault. 0 Following the conclusion of World War I, this agreement, named after the principal negotiators Mark Sykes and Franois Georges-Picot, divided the Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire into British and French zones of rule. In response to national pressure, the French merged Aleppo and Damascus states in 1932 under the State of Syria, which later became known as the Syrian Republic. % 'Page4': class PDFPage 0 ] 0 /Text << /A << /S /URI /Length 10137 375.9354 455.6049 0 637.9469 << /Annots [ 92 0 R /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon) >> /Subtype /Link 646.9469 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire) >> endobj /ImageC /Type /Action /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI The region's current borders emerged from a long and complex process of treaties, conferences, deals and conflicts that followed the break-up of the Ottoman Empire and the end of World War One. 79 0 obj 87 0 R << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Link 631.9469 /Rect [ 106.8772 13 0 obj 0 /Border [ 0 0 ] /ImageB 518.7969 ] 7 0 obj 751.9469 ] 0 ] The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret agreement drafted in 1916 between Great Britain and France. % 'Annot.NUMBER86': class PDFDictionary The secret treaty, known as the SykesPicot Agreement, was named after its lead negotiators, the aristocrats Sir Mark Sykes of England and Franois Georges-Picot of France. 37 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 101 0 R ] 0 /Type /Page >> /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link 518.1427 /Subtype /Link The secret treaty, known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, was. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Syria) >> 14 0 obj 0 ] /Rect [ 82.2629 0 0 endobj 0 ] Why did Israel blockade Gaza? 364.0469 ] 203.7514 /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration%2C_1917) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER82': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> /Subtype /Link 475.9469 ] 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER69': class PDFDictionary endobj /Subtype /Link The resulting order inherited by the Middle East of the day sees a variety of states whose borders were generally drawn with little regard for ethnic, tribal, religious or linguistic considerations. /Type /Annot >> stream 0 0 91 0 obj 0 ] /Trans << >> 83.64404 "It's not just me that's saying it, the fact is that Sykes-Picot has failed, it's over," said the president of Iraq's autonomous Kurdistan Region, Massoud Barzani, in a BBC interview. 382.0129 The Ottoman Empire (1516-1924), in the last few decades before its collapse, lost control over many of its territories to the growing powers of colonial countries. /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI 506.7969 /Type /Annot >> /Type /Action QeQ%B:T@ 5JVu.zZh h hoA#h+EchmCh;D;Nk;|2 ~E PXG{pM9CU2'9G,9_GQlY=hw;FAf \ius Ts! Why did peace negotiations break down after the Oslo Accords? /ImageC 11 0 R 0 /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 80.82091 307.2486 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration_of_1917) >> /Type /Action 98.79685 /Type /Action endobj 500.2377 342.108 << /A << /S /URI 523.9469 ] 77 0 obj Why was Hazrat Abu Bakr elected as caliph? /ImageI ] >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I) >> endobj /Type /Action 0 541.9469 41 0 obj "We don't want to be part of the chaos and problems which surround Iraq from all sides.". 595.2756 Moreover, the borders split up other contiguous populations, like the Kurds and the Druze, and left them as minority populations in several countries, depriving their communities of self-determination altogether. 652.9469 735.7969 ] << /A << /S /URI 72 0 R /Type /Action 0 ] 136.3979 % 'Annot.NUMBER90': class PDFDictionary 83.64404 << /A << /S /URI 0 Why were Arab leaders upset about the Sykes-Picot Agreement? But when marauding Bolsheviks uncovered documents about the plans in government archives in 1917, the contents of the secret treaty were publicly revealed. /Type /Action /Rect [ 74.69291 /MediaBox [ 0 All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 0 ] 314.7969 Sudan fell under British control in 1899. endobj 420.1502 0 ] 0 /Type /Annot >> /Subtype /Link endobj 481.6749 210.5652 /Subtype /Link /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_of_1917) >> /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=6) >> /Type /Annot >> 0 0 ] 51 0 R << /A << /S /URI 70 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan) >> /Subtype /Link endobj Russia's change of status, brought on by the revolution and the nation's withdrawal from the war, removed it from inclusion. /Type /Annot >> 0 ] /Type /Action And the militants of the self-styled Islamic State (IS), bulldozing the border between Iraq and Syria in June 2014, declared their intention to eradicate all the region's frontiers and lay Sykes-Picot to rest forever. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churchill_White_Paper%2C_1922) >> 75 0 R 0 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=7) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER38': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action 460.9469 ] /Rect [ 423.3477 Why did Kofi Annan won the Nobel Peace Prize? 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER71': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Image 257.9469 155.8041 Do you think it was a right or wrong decision? /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 When Russian Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in a popular revolution in 1917, the Bolshevik communists, led by Vladimir Lenin, found a copy of the Sykes-Picot agreement in the governments archive records. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Asia) >> /Type /Action 0 0 Why did President George HW Bush leave Saddam Hussein in power in Iraq? Because it inaugurated that era, and epitomised the concept of clandestine colonial carve-ups, Sykes-Picot has become the label for the whole era in which outside powers imposed their will, drew borders and installed client local leaderships, playing divide-and-rule with the "natives", and beggar-my-neighbour with their colonial rivals. 0 ] /Subtype /Link 97 0 obj 586.9469 ] /Border [ 0 0 He said the first step should be "serious negotiations" with the central government in Baghdad to reach an understanding and a solution, towards what Kurdish leaders are optimistically calling an "amicable separation". /Type /Action This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Sykes-Picot-Agreement, Jewish Virtual Library - Pre-State Israel: The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), Yale Law School - Lillian Goldman Law Library - Avalon Project - The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916, 914-1918-online. /Type /Action /Subtype /Link 94 0 obj 74 0 R Get the latest History stories in your inbox? 0 /Border [ 0 40 0 obj /Rotate 0 0 ] 0 /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 273.5587 << /Annots [ 65 0 R /Border [ 0 38 0 R 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Straits) >> << /A << /S /URI 57 0 obj /Parent 142 0 R /Border [ 0 endobj 554.7969 ] 456.5687 0 ] /ProcSet [ /PDF /URI (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Sykes-Picot_Agreement) >> 36 0 R 0 /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=vbJWx89nJSIC&pg=PA123&dq=&client=#PPA122,M1) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER7': class PDFDictionary This article is excerpted from Scott Christianson's "100 Documents That Changed The World," available November 10. /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER42': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI That, however, did not fit in with their allies colonial considerations set out at the San Remo conference. /Type /Annot >> "j?AAVq%rHdP]A5:Tq.F)i[fE2,p".uY64/?5Eg`,*jNoKp;H+,*6d/X1DimH_d!I7GXAhuET4on'.6PUSGj<3.qum~>endstream 462.8337 endobj 0 endobj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Times) >> /Type /XObject 76 0 R /Border [ 0 % Page dictionary 90 0 obj Why did the Peace of Nicias fail? /Border [ 0 Sykes was an English political adviser, diplomat, politician, military man and traveller. iWonder: Does the peace that ended WW1 haunt us today? /Type /Action 31 0 obj endobj Often a patchwork of minorities, there is a natural tendency for such countries to fall apart unless held together by the iron grip of a strongman or a powerful central government. /Rotate 0 0 ] /URI (http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/4c4f7515dc39195185256cf7006f878c!OpenDocument) >> 46 0 R /Border [ 0 Palestine would have an international administration, as other Christian powers, namely Russia, held an interest in this region. /ImageC /Border [ 0 Nothing was left of the Sykes-Picot agreement except the initial demarcation of Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine borders. /Trans << >> 0 390.7221 /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER69': class PDFDictionary It was later contradicted by the incompatible terms of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, secretly concluded between Britain and France in May 1916, and Britain's Balfour Declaration of 1917. 358.8428 We asked our readers from across the world whether the Arabs were betrayed by the Sykes-Picot . endobj /Rect [ 282.7559 /Subtype /Link 72 0 obj 364.0469 ] 0 ] /Type /Action % 'Annot.NUMBER65': class PDFDictionary % 'Annot.NUMBER56': class PDFDictionary /Rect [ 140.9251 endobj 54 0 R 0 671.9469 ] 44 0 obj /Subtype /Link In return, Russia would agree to British claims on other areas of the former Ottoman Empire and central Persia, including the oil-rich region of Mesopotamia. 556.9469 ] 510.0697 Under threat from IS, they are more dependent than ever on Western powers which are also strongly counselling them to stick with Iraq. /Type /Annot >> /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=GhSge_Tq09sC&pg=PA7&dq=&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=Zw1GSY3JBpXyNty-kCw&client=#PPA6,M1) >> 227.8929 667.9469 ] endobj 487.9469 Following the end of WWI, confrontations erupted in the Arabian Peninsula, whose southern and eastern regions were put under British protection, between Britains two allies - the Emir of Najd Abdul Aziz al-Saud and King of Hejaz Sharif Hussein. 5 0 obj endobj /Type /Action 447.6327 Why did the Arab world reject the Oslo Accords? /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 62.69291 His foreign policy adviser Edward House was later informed of the agreement by UK Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, who 18 months on was to put his name to a declaration which was to have an even more fateful impact on the region. endobj /Subtype /Link 24 0 obj 595.2756 0 << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER32': class PDFDictionary endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER54': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> /Text 0 ] /Rect [ 220.1611 93 0 R They were granted self-rule and autonomous governing. 252.3863 % 'Annot.NUMBER44': class PDFDictionary 297.3209 313.4216 /Type /Annot >> 28 0 obj 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration) >> /Contents 145 0 R /Rect [ 62.69291 On a spring day in 1948, Britain ended its mandate in Palestine. 266.7969 170.7969 ] % 'Page3': class PDFPage << /A << /S /URI /Type /Action /Type /Action /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 83.0429 386.0429 << /A << /S /URI endobj /ImageI ] >> << /Annots [ 34 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 334.0469 As World War I erupted in July 1914, the weakening Ottoman Empire allied with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to confront Britain and France. 87 0 obj 129.9329 9 0 R /Rect [ 62.69291 89 0 R << /A << /S /URI 0 ] Iraq's Kurds are landlocked and surrounded by neighbours - Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq itself - which have traditionally quashed Kurdish aspirations. /Subtype /Link /Length 55851 /Subtype /Link 0 ] 0 ] /Rect [ 160.0941 34 0 obj /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI 0 ] 4 0 obj << /A << /S /URI endobj 0 /Rect [ 395.3917 66 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 0 Its main concern was to prevent the Germans, key contributors to the Turkish Petroleum Company, from reaching oil fields that were known to exist in Iraqs Kirkuk region. 74.79685 170.7969 ] endobj 338.7969 ] /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 62.69291 Britain and France had promised Arab leaders autonomous lands if the Arabs would . % 'toUnicodeCMap:AAAAAA+FreeSerif': class PDFStream endobj 0 ] /ImageI ] >> /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 200.4629 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Clemenceau) >> &n2I8)=$,&an-QYr 1tFN-E!S,&AVQuVtzX ?*6zR z%WrUN;g FF& k'&2dNf~2'OD_5#>FQ`MA#Yh0uT0ZKO}WXm>3Q67zULLPShuvz8->+7H%X@*:0\AV `a^#8.D23?!X* K]&`GY3G-19Y)Wm&%6{c2n%!]_f /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=L7UOyPGYBkwC&pg=PA95&dq=&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=3OFISe7xCY6ukASRncXEBg&client=) >> /Border [ 0 endobj 0 ] << /A << /S /URI 0 0 ] /Rect [ 223.2308 127.7009 841.8898 ] 0 ] << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI 77 0 R 60 0 obj Following a Camp David Summit in the year 2000, the Arab-Israeli conflict persisted, fueled by incompatible demands, and religious and cultural identities on each side. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Remo_conference) >> 667.9469 ] 694.9469 0 endobj /Subtype /Link /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hussein-McMahon_Correspondence) >> 0 88.91553 /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Abu_Jaber) >> 0 endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER47': class PDFDictionary /ImageI ] >> % 'Annot.NUMBER41': class PDFDictionary /Type /Page >> /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 125.8429 The Sykes-Picot agreement conflicted directly with pledges of freedom given by the British to the Arabs in exchange for their support against the collapsing Ottomans. 390.7221 667.9469 ] 334.0469 ] endobj /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER8': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI 784.9469 ] /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link Why did the Sykes-Picot Agreement happen? 0 194.7969 377.6449 98.79685 ] /Rect [ 80.82091 32 0 R ] 158.0479 << /A << /S /URI /Border [ 0 158.7969 /Type /Annot >> /Type /Action /Type /Action /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /Subtype /Link 76 0 obj /Resources << /Font 1 0 R 671.9469 ] In June 2014, ISIL removed border posts between Iraq and Syria, as part of the groups proclaimed plan to restore the Islamic Caliphate on the ruins of the Sykes-Picot border. /Type /Annot >> 30 0 R % 'Annot.NUMBER39': class PDFDictionary % 'Annot.NUMBER74': class PDFDictionary 80 0 obj % 'Page5': class PDFPage 45 0 R /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 365.0522 /Type /Annot >> 532.9469 /Subtype /Link 562.9469 ] Hours later, The Jewish leadership, led by future Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, declared the establishment of a Jewish State, to be known as the State of Israel. << /A << /S /URI /Type /Action 12 0 R /Type /Action /Type /Action /Border [ 0 << /A << /S /URI Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and Britains capture of Palestine and Iraq, Britain gave up the idea of partitioning the Ottoman Empires properties, as initially proposed in the Sykes-Picot agreement. /Subtype /Link << /A << /S /URI 12 0 R /Type /Action 88 0 obj /Type /Action endobj /Subtype /Link /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_world) >> /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=8) >> /Subtype /Link 76 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER66': class PDFDictionary /ImageC 73 0 R /Type /Action /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 735.7969 ] /Type /Annot >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Mansfield_%28historian%29) >> /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 /URI (http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/4c4f7515dc39195185256cf7006f878c!OpenDocument) >> The agreement largely neglected to allow for the future growth of Arab nationalism, which at that same moment the British government and military were working to use to their advantage against the Turks. 2. /Subtype /Link 759.7969 ] 0 ] /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /Type /Annot >> /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI endobj 287.9469 ] /ProcSet [ /PDF 0 ] Why is the Balfour Declaration controversial? 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